Book of Abstracts
CONTESTATION BETWEEN THE CONVENTIONAL “SCIENTIFIC METHOD” AND A SYSTEMIC INDIGENOUS APPROACH TO DOING (ETHNO)SCIENCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR REGENERATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Author: Norma Romm
University of South Africa
The aim of this paper is to open a discussion, supported by examples, of disparities in the world of science, with special reference to an examination of backing for industrial agriculture versus agroecological practices in Africa. Indigenous ways of knowing are often disparaged on the world stage as not equipped to provide testable knowledge claims. The Western-originated “scientific method” is grounded in the idea that (expert) scientists must aim to understand reality through isolating variables and considering cause-effect relationships (so that in turn predictions can ensue based on the evidence collected). However, this paper takes the example of how “expert” scientific researchers have posed the claimed advantages of the use of agrochemical inputs by presenting their claims about increased food security as scientifically based. Opposed to this use of science to support industrial agriculture through chemical inputs are those who advocate a more grassroots-oriented science, which is practiced in terms of the value of supporting ecosystemic living. In an appreciation of this (ethno) science, scientists who may be located in academia work alongside networks of lay researchers to develop options for (re)generating ecosystems. This involves a way of knowing that does not isolate variables (such as the effect of a particular pesticide on killing a particular type of pest) but examines through collective discussions involving the community, the likely systemic consequences of any posed interventions in terms of human as well as planetary wellbeing. The paper will offer examples of contestation in the world of “science”, with special reference to movements in Africa such as The Pesticides Action Network and the Organic Farmers Network, which oppose genetic engineering bolstered by the so-called “scientific method”.
Key words: ecosystemic living, ethnoscience, agroecology
POSSIBILITY OF OBTAINING HIGH QUALITY GRAPHENE THIN FILMS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC GADGETS FROM THE ABUNDANT GRAPHITE IN NIGERIA
1*Ladan H.M.A, 2Adamu A.S, 2Salisu S., 3Buba A.D.A, 3Umar M, 4Umar A.,
1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Sa’adu Zungur University, Bauchi State, Nigeria
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
3Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-7911
*Ladansons@gmail.com; haladan@nileuniversity.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
This investigation has shown for the first time, the possibility of obtaining high quality 2D graphene thin films for optoelectronic gadgets from the abundant Nigerian natural graphite (NNG). In the study, synthesis and characterization of graphene from NNG and the determination of the electrical conductivity of the thin films were conducted. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM and EDX) to show their structural and compositional features. XRF study showed the mineral compositions as MgO (4.35%), SiO2 (25.14%), SrO (9.73%), CdO (1.99%) and C (15%). XRD pattern indicated perfectly crystallized graphene flakes. Surface morphology by SEM analysis revealed closely packed, layered and spongy structures. EDX studies indicated the elemental composition as Carbon (86.34%), Molybdenum (10.37%), Potassium (2.38%) and Titanium (0.91%). The reduced graphene oxide RGO-TiO2 composite thin films displayed glistering and reflecting surfaces due to the less density of electronic trap states and improved absorption in UV-visible region making them suitable for optoelectronic devices. The resistivity of 1.9592, 12.9366, 2.5419 and 25.1256 s/m were recorded for GO, RGO, GO and RGO-TiO2 thin films. It has revealed that NNG and its products were of high quality. They can be produced for academic research and industrial integration at a lower cost compared to the imported types without detailed characterization systems into African market.
Keywords: Graphite, thin films, flakes, TiO2, Optoelectronic Gadgets
DESIGN OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE GRAPHENE LEAD FREE PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS IN TACKLING ENERGY CRISIS IN AFRICA
1*Ladan H.M.A, 2Adamu A.S, 2Salisu S., 3Buba A.D.A, 4Umar A.,
1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Sa’adu Zungur University, Bauchi State, Nigeria
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
3Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-7911
*Ladansons@gmail.com; haladan@nileuniversity.edu.ng
Abstract
In this study, graphene was prepared by modified Hummer’s method and the optical properties were explored using UV-visible spectroscopy to determine absorption coefficients at different wavelengths based on Beer-Lambert’s law. In the second step, lead-free methyl ammonium germanium halide solar cell was designed using GO as carrier transporters. Numerical modeling of the device in solar capacitance stimulating program based on second order differential equation was done. A 0.6227 V, 38.58 mAcm-2, 83.07 %, and 19.95 % were recorded as the open-circuit voltage, current density, fill factor and power conversion efficiency (PCE). The investigation showed that the presence of graphene improved the optical transparency and enhanced carrier generation and interaction between other layers which optimized the electrical conductivity and efficiency of the solar cells when compared to previous studies in literature. The results emphasized a viable approach in the design of efficient and stable solar cells at a reduced cost and optical losses. If mass produced can be deployed in Africa due to massive solar energy potential.
Keywords: Hummer, Optical Property, Graphene, Perovskite, Solar Cells, SCAPS
ACCESSING THE WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR POWER GENERATION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
1*Ladan H.M.A, 2Adamu A.S, 2Salisu S., 3Buba A.D.A, 4Umar A.,
1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Sa’adu Zungur University, Bauchi State, Nigeria
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
3Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-7911
*Ladansons@gmail.com; haladan@nileuniversity.edu.ng
Abstract
In this practical investigation, the effect of wind speed on the power output of a wind electric generator using TPS-3730 system was explored for Bauchi state and compared to the wind characteristics of Maiduguri, Borno state. The angle and intensity of the wind was varied to obtain maximum power output. The values of the current (i), voltage (V) and power (P) output were obtained at 00, 150, 300, 450, and 600 respectively. At 150, I 1(W/m2), V 2.70(v), I 4.75(mA), 12.83(w); I 2(W/m2), V 3.10(v), I 6.40(mA), 19.84w; At 300, I 1(W/m2), 1.72(v), I 1.25(mA), 2.15(w); I 2(W/m2), V 2.19(v), and I 2.21(mA), 4.84(w). The results showed that the intensity (I) increases, V and i increases while as the angle increases, I and V decreases. The strength of the wind speed is proportional to the power output. Northern Nigeria has abundant wind energy system, installing wind turbine is vital to the viability of power generation and the economic applications in terms of clean electricity, wind vessels transportation, water pumping, grain milling and sporting activities.
Keywords: Wind speed, Power output, Wind power, Wind turbine, clean electricity
APPLICATION OF INVITRO PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES AND SMART FARMING SYSTEMS FOR GERMPLASM CONSERVATION OF VULNERABLE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES: A CASE OF AFRICA AND SOUTH KOREA
Kenneth Happy 1,2, Roggers Gang 1,2,3, Denis Okello4, Richard Komakech5, Youngmin Kang1,2*
1Korean Convergence Medical Science Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
2Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 111 Geonjae-Ro, Naju-Si, Jeollanam-Do, 58245, South Korea
3National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute (NaSARRI), Soroti, Uganda
4Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kabale University, P. O. Box 317, Kabale, Republic of Uganda
5National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Republic of Uganda
Correspondence should be addressed to Prof. Youngmin Kang Ph.D. Email: ymkang@kiom.re.kr Tel; +82-42-868-968
Abstract
Application of both in vitro propagation techniques and smart farming offers a promising strategy for the rapid and mass production of germplasm, contributing to both conservation and sustainable production, and ultimately supporting sustainable biodiversity. In vitro propagation, a biotechnological technique that enable the cloning of plants under controlled conditions, offers an efficient means for the mass production of plantlets and the preservation of germplasm both of which are vital for conserving biodiversity. Smart farming, which incorporates advanced technologies such as sensors, drones, and data analytics, can enhance the precision and sustainability of plant cultivation and management practices, creating a synergistic approach to species conservation. By integrating in vitro propagation with smart farming systems, it is possible to optimize both production and conservation of germplasm while ensuring the sustainability of biodiversity. Additionally, smart farming technologies can aid in tracking environmental conditions, improving resource management, and increasing resilience to climate change, all of which are critical for maintaining biodiversity. This innovative integration not only aids in the conservation of endangered plant resources but also offers a sustainable solution to biodiversity loss, fostering ecological balance in response to global environmental challenges. In medicinal plant resource production, both in vitro propagation and smart farming have been utilized to propagate a variety of medicinal plants, reducing the reliance on wild plant population and supporting sustainable harvesting practices.
Key terms: Conservation; In vitro propagation; Medicinal plants; Smart farming.
DETERMINANTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AMONG CASSAVA AFRMERS IN OWERRE-WEST, LGA, IMO STATE, NIGERIA.
Author: Yusuf Jednah
The study examined determinants of climate change adaptation strategies among cassava farmers in Owerri-West, Imo State, Nigeria. The objectives were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of cassava farmers, examine the adaptation strategies used among the cassava farmers in the study area and to evaluate the climate change adaptation strategies used among cassava farmers. A multi-stage (two-stage) sampling technique was used to collect information from 133 respondents in five (5) communities out of 18. This was achieved using questionnaire with the he[p of trained enumerators who collected primary data for the study. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Likert-Type Scale and multinomial logit regression model. The result revealed that cassava farmers were mostly males (60.20%), they were also within their productive age bracket of 31-40years (26.5%), married (61.1%), with mean household size of 6memebers/household. They mostly had high school level of education (35.4%), and mean farming experience of 16years. The result on adaptation strategies among the farmers revealed that 20% of the respondents used increased/reduced farm size more among other adaptation strategies. About (19.8%) used early/late planting measure. Among the strategies carried out, the least practiced was planting early maturing crop variety (7.1%). The results on determinants of climate change adaptation strategies revealed that the likelihood ratio (x2) value was 91.78, this was significant at 1% probability level. The Pseudo R2 value was 0.2557 which also confirms that all the slope coefficients were not equal to zero. The constraint mostly faced among the respondents was poor agricultural extension service delivery on climate change orientation/knowledge and the adaptation strategies. The study concluded that age, level of education, farm size and level of income among other factors were among the major determinants of climate change adaptation measures carried out among the respondents. The major constraint faced using the mean score of 3.0 was inadequate delivery of agricultural extension services to respondents (3.88) with respect to negative effects of climate change and the mitigation measures. Illiteracy among the farmers and poor source of information on climate change were among the factors of hinderance. Recommendations were made that government and other relevant institutions and policy makers on climate change should scale up effort on policy formations and timely delivery of relevant information using extension agents and other medium of communication to reach out to farmers on the negative effects of climate change and the adaptation strategies to be carried out. This will inform the farmers to enable them carry out mitigating measures to increase their level of output.
HARNESSING INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS IN THE KIGEZI REGION OF UGANDA
John Michael Edoru1, Medard Rugyendo2 Justine Omare3, Sarah Harriet Namago4, Tayebwa James5, Kahesi Johnson6
1Kabale University, jmedoru@kab.ac.ug
Abstract
This paper unravels the concept of Indigenous Knowledge and Practices (IKSPs). Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSPs) are local knowledge developed over centuries of experimentation by our ancestors and are passed orally from generation to generation. It is a perfect scaffold to sustainable development connecting the past, the present and the future. Indigenous knowledge offers diverse perspectives that enrich students’ learning experience. Indigenous knowledge represents an important component of global knowledge on development issues. Indigenous knowledge is an under-utilized resource in the development process. The five examples of indigenous knowledge are: traditional medicine used for healing, sustainable farming, land resource management, traditional arts and crafts, oral traditions and storytelling. The paper deals with how (IKSPs) can be harnessed to deal with climate change, disaster risk management and decision making related to policy development in the Kigezi region of Uganda.The study also concerns itself with the identification of the prevalent application of indigenous knowledge and practices in the mitigation of climate change, establishment of the relevance of the indigenous knowledge and practices. The methodology involved was basically review of abstracts, articles, book chapters, books and journals on how IKSPs are crucial in mitigating the effects of climate change.
Key words: Indigenous Knowledge and Practices (IKSPs), climate change, mitigation, disaster, risk management, Kigezi region, Uganda
THE PYROLYSIS OF METHANE FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN THE ORGANIC MATTER OF SHALE RESERVOIRS
Marembo Micheala, Bakesigaki Usitoa
a Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
*Corresponding author email: mmarembo@kab.ac.ug
Abstract
Due to the increasing demand for a cleaner source of energy, hydrogen gas provides a long-lasting solution. Mechanisms including steam methane reforming and microwave-enhanced methane cracking, are widely used to produce hydrogen. However, they generate tremendous amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is a major contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions and are costly to implement [1-3]. In this study, the pyrolysis of methane into hydrogen and solid carbon, is introduced. The diffusion of the generated hydrogen is controlled by the concentration gradient instead of the pressure gradient because the permeability of the kerogen is highly heterogeneous and in the nanoDarcy scale. Crack initiation and propagation as a result of hydrogen diffusion is accounted for by constraining the rock on the lower and right boundaries with roller constraints and allowing an initial crack on the inlet boundary. The parameters used in the numerical simulation and validation are shown in Table 1. The crucial finding is that as the methane decomposes, there is a continuous build-up of hydrogen gas in the kerogen layers which can be efficiently exploited. For reactions occurring under catalytic conditions, the concentration of hydrogen is higher as compared to when the reactions occur without a catalyst. This is because, the catalyst improves the reaction process thereby increasing the amount of hydrogen produced from the pyrolysis process. There is a rapid decrease in the consumption of the catalyst in the early stages of the reaction followed by a sluggish decrease in the late stages. The hydrogen concentration is more around the crack in the initial states and reduces in the late stages of pyrolysis. Meanwhile, the stress is more at the crack tip than in any other region of the domain. This model provides a benchmark for future extraction of hydrogen gas from shale reservoirs.
Keywords: Organic matter; Natural hydrogen; Methane pyrolysis
PROLIFERATION OF AFRICAN INDIGENOUS MEDICINE IN UGANDA: A CASE STUDY OF GREATER MBARARA DISTRICT
Author: Barigye Godfrey (PhD)
Abstract
This Abstract examines the proliferation of African indigenous medicine and its role in community development with reference to Greater Mbarara, Uganda. It was established that the major challenges of African indigenous medicine and healing included extortion of property and search for riches, human sacrifice and killing clients, fuelling conflicts, failure to cure some diseases, family breakage, psychological torture and destruction of environment. The future of African indigenous medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision and increase of health. It was recommended that the increase of health care coverage will be achieved through collaboration and partnerships between traditional health practitioners and community health providers which is already happening, particularly in the area of African indigenous medicine research. Further research in safety and efficacy should be promoted on the quality of the research to improve African indigenous medicine and healing knowledge practice.
Key word(s): African Indigenous Medicine
ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF DURMILLONE AGAINST HUMAN LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA CELL LINE
Author: Daniel Buyinza
Department of Chemistry
Kabale University
dbuyinza@kab.ac.ug +256708892086
Abstract
Cancer is a threat to global public health, taking the lead cause of death in highly developed nations and the second contributor to fatality in Africa after cardiovascular disease. Cancer causes 1 out of 6 deaths worldwide, which is more than malaria, AIDS, and tuberculosis combined. The cancer dilemma is feared to escalate in Africa with the copied lifestyle. Nature has given molecules of hope in cancer management like the vinca alkaloids. In this line, extracts from various parts of millettia dura and their isolated constituents were tested for cytotoxicity against a panel of cell lines. Out of the fifteen flavonoids tested for cytotoxicity, durmillone had a very good activity with IC50 of 6.6 ±1.2 µM against A549 cancer cell line. This points to the anticancer potential of rotenoids from this plant, a need for further studies on the seeds/pods form millettia species and prospects of developing durmillone into a lung cancer drug.
Key words: Millettia dura, durmillone, cytotoxicity, lung cancer
REVERSE TECHNOLOGY; THE SURE WAY TO PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT-THE CASE OF KABRITIS
Author: Daniel Buyinza
Department of Chemistry
Kabale University
dbuyinza@kab.ac.ug +256708892086
Abstract
The conventional process of drug discovery and development is costly, time consuming and can be less productive giving low returns on heavy investments. Developing economies can barely afford the costs involved, a reason for the low drug products coming from these countries. There are concerns to the need of a paradigm shift in the processes of drug discovery and development affordable in low-income countries. One of such approaches is based on facts and practices that have proven record of use, effectiveness and safety. The approach starts from the clinically accepted indigenous medicine and practice already in use by local communities. This transdisciplinary approach is reverse pharmacology and it saves on cost, time with products having higher chances of success in clinical therapeutics. Using this approach, KABRITIS, a jelly supported herbal product was developed leveraged on three-plants used in the management of arthritic inflammation by maceration by the local population around Kabale. The product was validated through laboratory measurements with the aim of improving on the effectiveness, safety, formulation, acceptability and shelf life. The product developed is efficacious at 5mg sample per gram of the vehicle arrived at after a voluntary participation of 50 patients. After the formulation, drug delivery to affected body part improved, there was an increase in the holding time of the drug to the affected body part, an increase in shelf life was realised, the formulation became more clearer and product acceptance improved. By this approach, drug products based on African indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing can be developed in conformity to more acceptable standards.
Keywords: Arthritis, reverse pharmacology, herbal jelly.
ADAPTATION APPROACHES TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS IN AFRICA: A CASE OF LWAKHAKHA SUB CATCHMENT IN ELGON REGION, UGANDA
Henry Stanley Mbowa, Annah Kayesu and Mwayafu David Mujasi
AidEnvironment, East Africa Office, Uganda
Correspondence: henry@aidenvironment.org
Abstract
Climate change continues to extend its impacts globally from anthropocentrism belief, which lead to natural resources degradation, poor agricultural practices and behavioural challenges among the population that worsen the situation. These further escalate into erratic rains, drought, disease outbreak, environmental refugees, food insecurity and unrealistic socioeconomic wellbeing. Therefore, the paper presents inclusive adaptation approaches to climate change impact mitigation in Lwakhakha Sub Catchment, Uganda. The paper employed a descriptive research design using qualitative data collection approaches, and targeted 158 beneficiaries from whom 113 respondents were determined using Sloven’s formula. Data was collected using observation, field notice, photography, and interviews. Then, it was transcribed, cleaned, and coded to develop themes and subthemes to aid the interpretation. Moreso, the themes were entered into MS Excel to generate frequency tables for analysis. Results indicated tree growing, soil water conservation, riverbank restoration, energy efficiency, fodder production, apiary, aquaculture, gulley treatment, water resources conservation, and climate smart agriculture were adapted as inclusive approaches by the beneficiaries to mitigate climate change impacts and enhance improved wellbeing in the Elgon Region. Conclusively, Uganda must ensure awareness and education to fight against ignorance & poverty, enhance mindset change, and implement & enforce environment laws & policy for a better future. The paper recommends that the Lwakhakha Sub Catchment committee and the districts should ensure stakeholder involvement in climate change mitigation and adaptation, integrate climate change into academic learners’ curricula, and create awareness amongst the population about the need for conservation and compliance with environment laws & regulations.
Keywords: Energy efficiency, gulley treatment, mindset change, restoration
HYPOTHETICAL TECHNIQUE AS INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY IN PREDICTING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE: A MANAGEMENT APPROACH WITHIN GURARA RESERVOIR CATCHMENT, NIGERIA
Author: Usman Rogo Kabiru
Abstract
The impact of climate change for sustainable development has been studied using hypothetical technique. A summation was proposed using hypothetical techniques considering Global Climate Models and linear trend of the data. Four (4) proposed scenarios of temperature increase (1% and 2%) coupled with a decrease in precipitation of (-5% and -10%) were combined and applied for the study area considering the global projections according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The Water Evaluation and Planning Tool were used to model and evaluate the effect of rising temperature and declining precipitation within the Gurara reservoir catchment for water availability prediction. The results indicate a reduction in available water within the study area from 4.3% to 3.5% compared to the baseline with no change in climate scenario. The findings will assist in developing a blueprint for climate change mitigation Within the Gurara Reservoir Catchment, Nigeria and Africa by accentuating the need to put in place appropriate adaptation measures to further foster resilience to climate change effects. Practically, it is pertinent to develop a more effective policies and regulations through research for effective water resources management in catchment, while also allowing for flexibility in the operational dynamics with the ultimate goal of adapting to climate change effects.
Keywords: Climate Change Models, Hypothetical Techniques and Gurara Reservoir Catchment
LOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF SCIENCE ACROSS AFRICA TO MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND CREATE REGENERATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR HOLISTIC WELL-BEING: PROMOTING POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Cornel Wekoye (BED, MED, PhD Candidate) cwekoye234016@busitema.ac.ug
ORCID id: 0009-0006-4393-1915 http://orcid.org/ 0009-0006-4393-1915
Department of Education, Faculty of Education and Humanities, Busitema University – Nagongera Campus, P. O Box 236, Tororo – Uganda
Abstract
Climate change is the major global challenge affecting people’s livelihoods, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa in areas of economic stability, food security, and public health. This paper explores the dire role of science in influencing climate policies that drive ecological and regenerative resolutions for holistic well-being. It looks at the theories and frameworks guiding policy development and implementation, highlighting their relevance in addressing climate change through scientific innovation. A literature review assesses the effectiveness of existing policies and the barriers to their implementation, such as weak institutional capacities, inadequate funding, and fragmented frameworks. The paper calls attention to the need for evidence-based policymaking, stakeholder engagement, and regional cooperation to foster climate resilience. This can be achieved through the integration of indigenous knowledge and modern scientific advancements. Based on this stance, Africa can develop robust policies that mitigate climate risks and promote sustainable development. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen institutional support, enhance funding mechanisms, and leverage technology for effective policy execution.
Key words: Climate change, regenerative solutions, holistic well-being, policy development and implementation
NON-DESTRUCTIVE ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE-IMPACTED BUILDING: A CASE STUDY OF A GOVERNMENT HOUSE IN NIGERIA.
Authors: Kabiru Usman Rogo 1&6*, Musaddik Haruna2, Shamsuddeen Usman3, Abbas Usman4, Muhammad Sani Abdulkadir5
1Department of Civil Engineering Technology, School of Engineering Technology, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria, P.M.B 1061 Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; 2Department of Civil Engineering, School of Natural Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, P.M.B 2021 Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria; 3Department of Computer Science, School of Applied Sciences, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria, P.M.B 1061 Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; 4Department of Water Resources & Environmental Management, National Water Resources Institute Mando, P.M.B 2309 Mando Road, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria; 6Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Technology, Applied Design and Fine Art, Kabale University, Kabale Municipality, Kikungiri hill, P.O.Box 317, Kabale, Uganda.
1krusman@kab.ac.ug, & krusman07@nubapoly.edu.ng; 2habdulrahman@atbu.edu.ng; 3susman21@nubapoly.edu.ng .
*Corresponding author
Abstract
Uncompleted/abandoned buildings which are left unoccupied due to delayed projects from government policy change, leadership change, economic or project priority shifts are increasingly subjected to the effects of climate change. This study targeted exploring how various climate-related factors such as rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and particularly construction parameters of quality control on material and workmanship affect the structural integrity and surrounding environments of a state government house in Nigeria. The government house is among the North-Western states of Nigeria; thus, this study shall make the exact detail of the government house private for safety and security reasons. The study employed an on-the-spot assessment and non-destructive assessment (NDA) to evaluate the structural integrity of the structural elements in the seven (7) quarters of the government house whilst their surrounding soil was taken to the laboratory for testing. Tests includes visual inspection, rebound hammer test on structural elements, sectional analysis of components and structural analysis of the entire structure based on the in-situ strength. Furthermore, it examines the risks of collapse, safety hazards, and negative impacts on local biodiversity and human health. The findings revealed a low concrete strength of 12 N/mm2,10N/mm2,11N/mm2,10N/mm2,11N/mm2, 12N/mm2 and 11N/mm2 for quarters A-G accordingly. The results indicate significant degradation, including cracks, moisture intrusion, and material weakening, all of which compromise the building’s safety and functionality. The result further highlighted the importance of NDA in the early detection and management of climate-related structural damages, offering valuable insights for maintaining the longevity and safety of historic and government structures. It is recommended to use advanced NDA methods like ground-penetrating radar (GPR), infrared thermography, and ultrasonic testing, for such study for their minimal harm on the structure. The findings underscore the importance of integrating climate resilience into urban planning mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on abandoned structures.
KEYWORDS: Non-destructive test, Rebound hammer test, Climate-impacted buildings, Tanking.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND COMMUNITY RESILIENCE IN UGANDA TO DAY
Author: GEORGE MUGAVU
Email: mugavugeorge@gmail.com
FACULTY OF ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCES
KABALE UNIVERSITY
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between climate change and community resilience by suggesting what relevant stakeholders must consider in order to have resilient communities against the negative effects of climate change. Methodologically, the researcher employed a purely critical qualitative approach in which desk research methodology was employed. As such secondary data was used and this data was obtained mainly from scholarly and published research articles surrounding climate change, Disaster Management, and other crucial published reports, with matters of Climate change and Community resilience in Uganda today under scrutiny in which even the challenges facing the communities were also analyzed. Critical content analysis was employed in examining the roles of all the relevant stakeholders in Uganda in reducing the adverse effects of climate change and building resilient communities. Validity and reliability were guaranteed by paying much attention to critical conceptual clarity and interpretative rigor. In this paper I reviewed the genesis, the conceptualization, the roles of the relevant stakeholders in reducing climate change, the challenges that communities are facing as a result of the advent of Climate change, and what must be done by all the stakeholders to reduce climate change and its effects, drawing substantiations from the Ugandan experience. The results indicated that the central government, stakeholder engagement, rejuvenating monitoring and evaluation and tapping on the technology available were key to addressing climate change and its effects. Connectedly, based on literature review, I further concluded that Climate change is some serious phenomena which threatens human existence in this 21st century. However, if all relevant stakeholders come together through unified actions backed by concerted uniform efforts, community resilience could be in position to be built which would help to propel sustainability. Embracing the positive consequences of advancements in technology is quintessential to reduction of the negative effects of climate change though there is need for governments especially in developing countries to subsidize these new technologies as a way of making them accessible to even the lay citizens as this would quickly reduce the negative effects of climate change to Ugandans. I also came up with some recommendations which included; the central government should strengthen the monitoring and evaluation department of its Agencies like NEMA, integrating technology into mainstream societal development projects, continuously empowering local people with relevant skills & knowledge and involvement of all relevant stakeholders.
Key Words: Climate change, Community resilience, Uganda.
EFFECTS OF NEWSPAPER FRAMES ON THE CONSUMPTION OF DISASTER COMMUNICATION: CASE OF DISPLACED WOMEN IN RESETTLEMENT CAMPS IN EASTERN UGANDA
Author: Caroline Nabuzale (PhD)
Department Of Communication Studies
Kabale University
EMAIL: cnabuzale@kab.ac.ug /
Author: JAMES KIWANUKA TONDO (PhD)
Department of Communication
North Carolina State University
jkiwanu@ncsu.edu
ABSTRACT
The study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of newspapers on communicating the key crisis events of natural disasters in Uganda. Moreover, the study employed quantitative research designs. The study was investigated the perceptions of women in displaced camps about 3 newspapers. Whilst, the findings of the study indicate that the print media’s factual coverage for natural disasters helps to build trust for the newspaper in the public sphere and therefore promotes crisis communication because the medium is the message. Moreover, very appealing messages help to enhance crisis communication. whilst inability for the print media to amplify the risk for natural calamities hinders disasters prevention and recovery for the affected people. Notably, government should ensure that the media regulatory bodies monitor the coverage of issues of national concerned or public interest. They should be given priority in the media because disasters have a great negative impact on the health of citizens.
Key Words: Disaster, Communication, Newspaper frames.
PERCEPTIONS AND COPING STRATEGIES OF FISH FARMING COMMUNITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE. A CASE FROM LIRA DISTRICT IN UGANDA
Apollo Omara1, Sarah Kizza-Nkambwe1* Junior Senyonga Kasima2, Remigio Turyahabwe3
1Department of Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Design and Environment, Uganda Christian University, P.O Box 4, Mukono, Uganda. kizzasa@gmail.com
2Department of Animal Production and Range Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda. kasi95js@gmail.com
3Department of Geography Faculty of Science and Education, Busitema University, P.O Box 236, Tororo, Uganda. tremmy082@gmail.com
*Corresponding Author: S. Kizza–Nkambwe; e-mail: kizzasa@gmail.com
Abstract
Fish farming provides opportunities to adapt to climate change through aquaculture-agriculture integration. This is especially important in developing countries where climatic change impacts threaten the social economic sustenance of populations. In Lira District of Uganda, fish farming is a relatively new enterprise, characterised by limited knowledge and skills among farmers on how to address climate change impacts. This makes fish farming in Lira more vulnerable to climate change processes. The current study examined fish farmers’ perceptions about effects of climate change on fisheries resources in Lira district and how they cope. A cross-sectional study was conducted, employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected using questionnaires, focus group discussions and interview methods, to assess fish farmers’ perceptions, attitudes, behaviour and values concerning climate change. Water quality parameters were measured both in-situ and laboratory following standard protocols to inform about climate change-related vulnerability of fish farmers’ livelihoods. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS statistics v23 software and Microsoft Excel 2007. 78% of the farmers (N=30) were aware of the effects of climate change on their fish production while 72% were in a process of identifying coping strategies. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), the most important food fish and social economic sustenance have reduced by an average 2035 fish over the past five years. Mean fish pond temperatures ranged were 25oC-28oC while oxidization levels were 6.2 mg/L – 5.8mg/L, all of which are unsuitable for fish production in the study area. Poor fish pond management practices like unsuitable pond depth lowered productivity. Coping strategies included tree planting; better agro forestry practices; wetland conservation; acquisition of grants and loans; appropriate pond designs and Indigenous knowledge approaches. The study findings support sustainable development initiatives, inform social economic sustenance by addressing climate change impacts on aquaculture in a typical contemporary Sub-Sahara Africa.
Keywords: Climate Change; Sustainable Development, Aquaculture, Social-economic sustenance, Sub-Sahara Africa
CONSTRAINTS IN IMPLEMENTING ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION TO ADDRESS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES IN UGANDA
Authors: Julius A. Arinaitwe; Ms Loy Natukunda; Fiona Mutekanga; Sarah Nachuha (RIP)
Kabale University, P O Box 317 Kabale.
Abstract
Ecosystem restoration is recognized as a critical approach to addressing the interconnected global challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, and social inequality. In Uganda, despite strong policy guidance and national commitments, implementation of restoration projects often falls short of targets. This study, conducted between January and December 2023, utilized a mixed-method approach involving literature reviews, questionnaires, and group discussions with state and non-state actors, as well as local communities in western and southwestern Uganda, to identify the primary constraints hindering the implementation of restoration projects. The findings revealed several challenges: inadequate funding for the design and execution of restoration initiatives; limited access to technical expertise and baseline data necessary for effective project planning and management; a lack of comprehensive monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems to measure impact and promote continuous improvement; and insufficient capacity to scale up projects beyond the pilot phase. Addressing these constraints requires a multi-faceted approach, including the development of post-graduate programs to train restoration specialists, the establishment of regular forums for dialogue among stakeholders, and fostering collaborations and consortia to implement large-scale restoration projects.
Keywords: Restoration; Climate; Biodiversity
THE SUZUKI – MIYAURA CROSS-COUPLING – CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT – CROSS-METATHESIS APPROACH TO PRENYLATED ISOFLAVONES.
Authors: George Kwesigaa,b, Julia Greeseb, Bernd Schmidtb
- a) Kabale University, Department of Chemistry, Kikungiri Hill, P. O. Box 317, Kabale – Uganda
- b) University of Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
Isoflavones are secondary plant metabolites mainly found in the Leguminosae.[1] Isoflavones are phytoestrogens[2] and they have also been reported to exhibit a wide range of bioactivities including antimicrobial,[3] antiplasmodial,[4] antioxidant[5] and anti-inflammatory[5] activities. The prenylated isoflavones are reported to be more bioactive[4] due to their increased lipophilicity. These compounds are elaborated by plants in very small quantities and continuous exploitation of the plants may lead to biodiversity loss. Hence, there is need to synthesize the compounds.
We have previously reported the chemical syntheses of the isoflavone natural products 5-deoxy-3’-prenylbiochanin A (1) and erysubin F (2),[3] both isolated from Erythrina sacleuxii,[4] using a 2,3-oxidative rearrangement reaction initiated by hypervalent iodine compounds as a key synthetic method because this strategy allowed us to start from conveniently accessible flavanones. In contrast to literature precedence suggesting broader applicability of this method,[6] we found its scope to be limited by the inevitable formation of flavones as byproducts and intolerence of protected or unprotected OH- groups at position 5 of the flavanone starting material, which resulted in hydroxylation of the arene at position 8 in low yield and selectivity.[7] This renders 5-oxygenated isoflavones such as 3’-prenylbiochanin A (3) inaccessible.
In the present study, we report our investigation on the Suzuki – Miyaura coupling reaction as an alternative key step for the synthesis of prenylated and nonprenylated isoflavones.[8] The application of Suzuki coupling of para-phenolboronic acids and 3-iodochromones to the synthesis of isoflavone natural products and a comparison of the results with Suzuki coupling reactions using the analogous 4-methoxybenzene boronic acid is reported. We further report an investigation on whether 4’-hydroxyisoflavones can be advantageously used to access isoflavones with prenyl- substituted B-rings. In this study, the synthesis of prenylated natural isoflavones 3’-prenylbiochanin A (3), neobavaisoflavone (4), 7-methoxyneobavaisoflavone (5) and maximaisoflavone J, (6) which were respectively isolated from E. sacleuxii,[4] E. sigmoidea,[9] Psoralea corylifolia[10] and Millettia dura[11] has been accomplished.
IS AFRICA ADOPTING BIOTECHNOLOGY TO PRESERVE ITS RAPIDLY DISAPPEARING MEDICINAL PLANT RESOURCES?
Authors: Hallan Oponga, Roggers Gangb,c,d , Komakech Richarde Youngmin Kangb,c and Denis Okelloa
a Department of Biological Sciences, Kabale University, P. O. Box 317, Kabale
b Korean Convergence Medicine Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
c Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
d National Agricultural Research Organization, National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute, Soroti, Uganda
e National Environment Management Authority, Kampala, Uganda
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Denis Okello; dokello@kab.ac.ug
Abstract
Medicinal plants are the major sources of compounds from which different medicines, and raw materials required for commercial medicine production are obtained. These are used to treat different ailments, and or health complications/diseases affecting both human population and other animals. These medicinal plants are however facing great decline in their diversity due to climatic change, and overexploitation. This requires close attention in order to establish ways of conserving these plants. One of the most promising strategies for conservation is biotechnology, which has been increasingly adopted by countries across Africa and other continents. Biotechnology offers methods like micro-propagation through explants, seed banking, and cryopreservation, all of which can help preserve medicinal plant species. However, while some African nations have made progress in applying these biotechnological approaches, their use remains limited. More efficient techniques are still under development, and many are yet to be fully implemented across the continent. This review provides a comprehensive status of adoption of biotechnology in conserving medicinal plants in Africa, which could be valuable in enabling faster and sustainable conservation of medicinal plant resources across the continent.
Keywords: Biotechnology, Conservation, Endangered species, Extinction, In vitro propagation, Medicinal plants,
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION WITH A FOCUS ON THE BATWA OF SOUTHWESTERN UGANDA
Author: Denis Sekiwu (PhD.)
Email: dsekiwu@kab.ac.ug; Faculty of Education, Kabale University
ORCHID: 0000-0003-2396-1608
Abstract
This paper explores the intersection of Indigenous Peoples and environmental education with a specific focus on the Batwa community of Southwestern Uganda. Utilizing indigenous ecology theory as the theoretical framework, the study examines how the Batwa’s traditional ecological knowledge and practices contribute to environmental conservation in the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Semliki National Park, and Albertine Regions. Over the years, the Batwa have developed a profound understanding of their environment through practices such as honey tapping, bee-keeping, and fruit gathering, which reflect a deep-seated relationship with their surroundings. This paper highlights the Batwa’s ecological wisdom and their role in conserving these biodiverse regions. The paper also argues that integrating Batwa perspectives into environmental education not only enhances conservation efforts but also fosters cultural preservation, ensuring that indigenous voices are central to sustainable development.
The history and role of Batwa elders and women in leadership and environmental protection is also emphasised, stressing their contributions towards sustainable development and community stewardship. The paper aims to showcase how Batwa traditional practices are integral to the protection and sustainability of their natural habitats. The research paper addresses the impact of the modernization paradigm on indigenous environmental practices. The paper also examines the impact of existing policy and legislation on environmental management and education. It examines how contemporary challenges and external pressures affect the Batwa’s ability to maintain their traditional knowledge, ways of knowing and practices. While the modernization paradigm has introduced new dynamics that focus on development that disregards conservation practices, the Batwa’s environmental activitiess remain crucial to the conservation of their territories. By integrating indigenous perspectives into environmental education and conservation strategies, the paper advocates for an Inclusive Environmental Education Framework (IEEF) that utilizes indigenous knowledge in addressing contemporary environmental challenges.
Keywords: Indigenous Education, Environmental Education, Ecological Management
BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE TO IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE TROUGH IMPROVED WASH SERVICES IN AFRICA: A CASE FROM ZAMFARA STATE IN NORTH WESTERN NIGERIA
Kabiru Usman Rogo 1&3*, Ifie-Emi Francis Oseke2, Abbas Usman1
1Department of Civil Engineering Technology, School of Engineering Technology, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria, P.M.B 1061 Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria;
2Department of Water Resources & Environmental Management, National Water Resources Institute Mando, P.M.B 2309 Mando Road, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria;
3Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Technology, Applied Design and Fine Art, Kabale University, Kabale Municipality, Kikungiri hill, P.O.Box 317, Kabale, Uganda.
*1krusman@kab.ac.ug, & krusman07@nubapoly.edu.ng; 2oseke@atbu.edu.ng
*corresponding author
Abstract
In building resilience to mitigate the impact of climate change in Africa due to the unlocked potential of science across the continent, there is the need for improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services to assist communities and the human population in adapting to occurrence of extreme events to promote holistic wellbeing and support the long-term recovery mechanism. In this regard, the impact of climate change on WASH services has been studied, with specific interest in developing an adaptation measures within Zamfara State in North Western Nigeria. A total of 67 households within rural, semi and urban settlements were interviewed through a well-structured questionnaire to understand the perception of climate change resilience and WASH services. The population has already adopted self-adaptation practices such as increased access to water through rain-water harvesting to provide water in public toilets, re-allocation of water sources, recycling of grey water and development of resistance crops in their farming communities and the establishment of a Water Consumers’ Association amongst others to mitigate the impact of with climate change. The findings of this study however intensify the science of rethinking sanitation as an approach in building climate resilient as the continent continues to face unprecedented challenges to cope with climate change impact while recommending the need to explore further innovative solutions.
Keywords: Climate Change, WASH Services and Zamfara State.
ANALYSIS OF CROP FARMERS’ PERCEPTION ON EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION IN CHANCHAGA AND BIDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA.
YUSUF JEDNAH
The study analyzed perception of farmers’ perception on the effects of climate change on crop production in chanchaga and Bida local government Areas, Niger State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to elicit information from 120 respondents from seven communities (7) using questionnaire to collect primary data with the help of trained enumerators. The study looked at objectives such as the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, the farmers’ perception on the effects of climate change on crop production, and the adaptation strategies used to cope with the effects of climate change. Analytical models such as the descriptive statistics, Likert-Type Scale and the Pearson’s Product Correlation models were used to analyze the data collected. The results of the study showed that most of the respondents were males (85.85%), married (85.8%) with mean household size of 8memebers/household, and mean age of 33years. The crop farmers were mostly educated at high/secondary school level (45.8%), with mean farming experience of 18years. The result further revealed that the mean response by the farmers on perception of climate change were significant with respect to change in early rains (3.72), run-0ff (3.18), droughts (3.20), increase in temperature (3.80), sunlight (3.75), and decrease in crop yields (3.04). The result on strategies adopted by the farmers to cope with effects of climate change showed that seven strategies were adapted based on mean scores, namely; planting of improved crop varieties (4.19), crop rotation practice (4.03), change in planting date/period (3.53), shifting cultivation practice (3.48), use of conservation practice (3.35), application of organic manure (3.20), and seeking for early signs information (3.13). The Pear-Man’s Correlation also revealed that certain socio-economic variables among the farmers such as age, level of education and income among others had significant relationship with perception on climate change. The result shows that level of education was significant (r = -1.181, p <0.05), number of strategies adopted (r=0.265; p<0.01) and level of knowledge on climate change (r=0.520; p>0.01). The study concluded that farmers are aware of the fact that climate change is real and have a level of knowledge about it, since they carry out certain adaptation strategies. The study recommends the need for increase extension service delivery on climate change to the populace. Also, farmers are encouraged to scale up effort on carrying out more mitigation strategies against climate change to increase the level of output considering its negative effects on crop production.
BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE TO RESPOND TO CHALLENGES IN AFRICAN SOCIETY
Uwimana Annah Besigye1John Michael Edoru2
1Kabale University
auwimana@kab.ac.ug
Abstract
This paper examines the concept of community resilience as a framework for addressing multifaceted challenges in contemporary African societies. Through a synthesis of existing literature and case studies, we explore how resilience-building approaches can be effectively implemented to address issues including climate change, rapid urbanization, public health crises, and socioeconomic disparities. The paper argues that successful resilience initiatives must be rooted in indigenous knowledge systems while strategically integrating modern technological and organizational innovations. We present a conceptual framework that emphasizes the importance of social capital, adaptive governance, economic diversification, and community-led development in fostering sustainable resilience across diverse African contexts. The analysis further explores the interplay between formal institutional structures and informal community mechanisms, highlighting the critical importance of recognizing power dynamics and historical context in resilience-building efforts.
Key words: Community Resilience, African Society, Urbanization, Socioeconomic Disparities
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF TETANUS TOXOID VACCINATION, UPTAKE STATUS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS
AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS OF KABALE UNIVERSITY, UGANDA
Authors: Ndagano Hillary1, Dare Samuel Sunday2, Immaculate Mandera1, Tumusiime Alex1
Affiliations: 1 Department of Nursing Sciences, School of Medicine, Kabale University
2 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kabale University
Background
Tetanus is still a major public health concern in Uganda, especially for females between the ages of 15 and 45, even with the availability of the tetanus toxoid vaccine (TTV). In 2023, the reported tetanus burden in government institutions was 2.6 per 1000 women, or 47% (Kwesiga et al., 2023). WHO recommends five doses of the tetanus toxoid vaccination for females of reproductive age (15 49 years) in order to prevent tetanus in both mothers and newborns (Humayun, 2023). This study sought to determine how well-informed female students of reproductive age (15–49 years) were about tetanus toxoid immunization, as well as their uptake status and certain related characteristics.
Methodology
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 308 female students of reproductive age (15-49 years) enrolled at Kabale University. Participants were selected using consecutive sampling. A semi structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used for data collection. English-language closed- and open-ended questions were included in these surveys. The questionnaire was divided into sections that evaluate socio-demographic and personal bio data, the availability of information on tetanus toxoid vaccine, the uptake of the vaccination and the associated factors among female Kabale University students. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 29.0, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results
The study showed that 59.7% of the participants are aware of Tetanus toxoid vaccination but revealed a gap in adherence despite that a significant portion of the participants (69.2%) had ever received TTV. Majority of the participants received only one dose (54.9%) and the timing of the last dose varied with 33.3% receiving it between 2-5 years ago. Among those who haven’t received, lack of awareness (39.9%, OR=128.64), concerns about side effects (36.4%, OR=0.0014), cultural beliefs (7.6%, OR=0.0023), religious beliefs (12.4%, OR=0.0327), cost (52.4%, OR=0.026), peer influence (26.0%, OR=0.034) and distance to health facility (6.0%, OR=0.211) were the primary barriers. Participants living within 1km of a health facility were 7.11 times more likely to receive TTV (OR: 7.11, 95% CI: 2.53-20.01, p < 0.0001), while those living 1-5km away were 17.53 times more likely (OR: 17.53, 95% CI: 6.31-48.73, p < 0.0001), compared to those living more than 5km away (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.43-2.32).
Conclusion
There is still significant level of unawareness and low uptake of TTV among female students of Kabale University. Lack of awareness, fear about side effects, cost, and peer influence were the major primary reasons for not receiving TTV. Addressing awareness gaps, mitigating concerns about side effects, and improving access to vaccination services cannot be overstated.
KEY WORDS: Tetanus, Tetanus-toxoid-vaccination, Uptake-status, female, students
ASSESSMENT OF RUSHEBEYA-KANYABAHA WETLAND FOR KEY BIODIVERSITY AREA DESIGNATION BASED ON PAPYRUS ENDEMIC BIRDS
Authors: Loy Natukunda, Fiona Mutekanga, Julius Arinaitwe
Abstract
Wetlands dominated by Cyperus papyrus are unique ecosystems in tropical Africa that support rich biodiversity but face increasing threats from human activities and inadequate protection. This study assesses the potential designation of the Rushebeya-Kanyabaha Wetland in Rukiga District, Western Uganda, as a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) by using papyrus-endemic birds as proxies for broader biodiversity. Data were collected through 138 point-counts along the wetland’s periphery, recording both direct sightings and auditory identifications of six papyrus-endemic bird species: Papyrus Yellow Warbler (Calamonastides gracilirostris), Greater Swamp Warbler (Acrocephalus rufescens), Papyrus Gonolek (Laniarius mufumbiri), White-winged Swamp Warbler (Bradypterus carpalis), Carruthers’s Cisticola (Cisticola carruthersi), and Papyrus Canary (Crithagra koliensis). The White-winged Swamp Warbler emerged as the most abundant species with 327 observations (34.4%), while the Papyrus Canary was the least common, with 15 observations (1.6%). Notably, the Papyrus Yellow Warbler, listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List, met the KBA criterion by representing over 1% of its global population, with 111 sightings (11.6%), showing a strong preference for mature papyrus vegetation and indicating healthy habitats in the wetland. The study highlights the critical importance of the Rushebeya-Kanyabaha Wetland for several endemic and threatened species, meeting the criteria for KBA designation. However, it also reveals significant habitat degradation due to human activities, particularly farming. These findings underscore the urgent need for conservation measures to protect this ecosystem, aligning with efforts to mitigate biodiversity loss and enhance ecological resilience against climate change. This research informs sustainable wetland management and emphasizes the role of biodiversity in climate adaptation strategies.
Keywords: Key Biodiversity Area, papyrus-endemic birds, wetland conservation.
THE EFFECTS OF THE EVICTION OF THE BATWA FROM THEIR INDIGENOUS FOREST HABITAT ON THEIR INDIGENOUS EDUCATION SYSTEM
Francis Adyanga Akena1*, Natal Ayiga2, Sharon Carnahan3
1Faculty of Education, Kabale University, P.O Box 317 Kabale Municipality, Uganda, fakena@kab.ac.ug/adyanga1@gmail.com; OCID 0000-OCID 0002-5277-7175.
1College of Education, University of South Africa (UNISA).
2Faculty of Social Sciences, Kabale University, P.O Box 317 Kabale Municipality, Uganda, nayiga@kab.ac.ug; OCID 0000-0002-7644-2679.
3 Rollins College, Winters Park, USA, Scarnahan@rollins.edu; OCID 0000-0002-7478-4739.
*Corresponding author
Abstract
The main objective of this article is to identify the Batwa Indigenous education pedagogy and examine how it was affected by the relocation of the Batwa from their forest habitat into the dominant Bakiga and Bafumbira society. Using Indigenous research methodology and relational sampling method, 240 participants comprising elders, parents, and pupils from Kisoro and Rubanda districts were recruited. Data were collected using the FGD method also known as talking circles and analysed using three thematic areas by the Atlas-ti qualitative software. The participants identified the importance of their oral tradition with a focus on storytelling, art, artifacts, songs, dance; and experiential learning as the two main pedagogies for the transmission of Batwa customs and culture. The participants also reported that these methods of transmitting customs, culture, knowledge and skills to Batwa children are inoperable in their current living conditions. This suggests that the relocation of the Batwa from their forest habitat disrupted the conditions that facilitated cultural education among the Batwa, making it untenable in their current living conditions. We recommend the integration of Batwa Indigenous pedagogies and the creation of conditions for their application in the formal education system. This will enable the transmission of Batwa customs and culture to Batwa children, thereby preserving the identity of the Batwa and the sustainability of their culture.
Keywords: Batwa pedagogy, customs and culture, language, Indigenous education, relocation
SIMULATION TRAINING IN ANAESTHESIA: TRAINEE PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES IN A LOW RESOURCE UGANDAN SETTING
Isabella Epiu1* Atukuma Astone 1 , Alongu Hillary1 , Birungi Kenneth1 , Ainomugisha Linny1 ,
Orimwesiga Derrick1 , Sadic Kagwa1 , Ivan Mugumya2 , Filimin Niyongabo3
- Anaesthesia Department, Kabale University School of Medicine
- Community Health Department, Kabale University School of Medicine
- Public Health Department, Makerere University School of Medicine
*Presenting Author:
Email: iepiu@kab.ac.ug
Background:
Simulation-based education has become an essential component of anaesthesia training, offering a safe and controlled environment for the development of both technical and non-technical competencies. It facilitates experiential learning, decision-making, crisis management, team building, and patient safety without risking patient harm. However, the adoption and integration of simulation-based modalities in low-resource settings remain underexplored. This study examines the knowledge, perceptions, and systemic challenges associated with simulation training among clinical anaesthesia trainees at Kabale University, Uganda—a public institution situated in a resource-constrained context.
Methods:
A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the awareness, attitudes, and perceived limitations of simulation-based education among 50 clinical anaesthesia trainees. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire comprising socio-demographic characteristics and constructs measuring knowledge, perceived utility, and infrastructural barriers to simulation. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics to identify prevailing trends and patterns.
Results:
Respondents were predominantly young (56% aged 20–25 years) and male (84%), reflecting the demographic profile of the training program. While a high proportion of participants (88%) reported prior awareness of simulation-based training, less than half (46%) had engaged in any formal simulation sessions. Notably, despite limited exposure, the majority (64%) expressed strong agreement regarding the pedagogical value of simulation in enhancing clinical competence and preparedness. However, widespread structural barriers were identified: 96% of trainees cited the absence of a dedicated simulation laboratory, while 98% highlighted inadequate access to simulation equipment and materials. These limitations suggest systemic deficiencies in the institutional capacity to support experiential learning modalities.
Conclusions:
While clinical anaesthesia trainees at Kabale University recognize the value of simulation-based training, its practical implementation is significantly undermined by resource limitations. This study calls for strategic institutional investment in simulation infrastructure, faculty development, and curriculum integration to align educational practices with global standards in anaesthesia training. Strengthening simulation-based education in such contexts is essential not only for improving learner outcomes but also for advancing patient safety and health system resilience in low-resource environments.
Key words: Simulation Training, Anesthesia, Health in Low-resource setting
ANTICONVULSANT POTENTIALS OF KAURENOIC ACID ISOLATED FROM ANNONA SENEGALENSIS (PERS): INSIGHTS INTO THE BEHAVIOURAL AND N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTORS EXPRESSION LEVEL IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MALE WISTAR RATS
Authors: Samuel S. Dare 1,2, Edgar Fernandez Mario1, Peter Etim Ekanem1, Philemon D. Shallie2,3
Affiliations: 1 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kabale University, Uganda
2 Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State, Nigeria
3 School of Medicine University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Background
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) overexcitation has been linked to neurological conditions that induce neuronal death, including epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease, according to related research (Chen et al., 2022; Essiz et al., 2021). During seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), glutamate levels in the extracellular fluid increase which can directly activate NMDARs and result in neuroexcitatory injury. Numerous studies have examined the role of NMDARs in epileptic seizures and kaurenoic acid, a deterpenoids isolated from Annona senegalensis root back extract has shown an anticonvulsant potential and phenobarbital with notable effects (Chen et al., 2022; Okoye et al, 2013); however, the relationship between kaurenoic activities and NMDARs with respect to epileptic seizure is unclear. This study is aimed to investigate the prophylactic potential of kaurenoic acid isolated from Annona senegalensis pers leaves on the level of expression of NMDARs in the hippocampus of PTZ-induced seizure in Wistar rats.
Materials and Methods
Kaurenoic acid was isolated as sub-fraction from ethyl acetate fraction obtained from aqueous extract of Annona senegalensis leaves (KNA) by solvent–solvent fractionation using separation funnel method with ethyl acetate, and n-hexane in the order of increasing polarity. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats were allocated into five groups (n=6) and seizures were induced with PTZ (40mg/kg, i.p). Group 1, negative control received water (1 ml/kg, body weight), Group 2, positive control received PTZ (40 mg/kg, i.p), Group 3 received KNA (400 mg/kg, p.o) + PTZ (40 mg/kg, i.p), Group 4 received KNA (800 mg/kg, p.o) + PTZ (40 mg/kg, i.p) and Group 5 received phenobarbital (PB) (10 mg/kg, i.p) + PTZ (40 mg/kg, i.p). Seizures activities were recorded and scored using Racine scale. Neurobehavioural (Openfield and Novel Object Recognition) tests were carried out and the levels of expression of NMDARs in the hippocampus were evaluated using ELISA assay. Data were analyzed with Graphpad prism using ANOVA and Turkey post hoc tests.
Results: KNA and PB increased seizure threshold in myoclonic (173±33 secs and 233±43secs) and clonic tonic-clonic seizures (444±41secs and 534±42secs) respectively compared to PTZ (68±6secs and 146±48secs) and control groups respectively, p<0.0001; improve thigmotaxis index in KNA 2 (98%) and PB (99%) compared to PTZ (78%) respectively, locomotors activity in KNA (248±06cm) and PB (447±09cm) compared with PTZ (278±05cm) and control (586±18 cm) respectively, p>0.05.Discriminative index was positive in Control (33±15%), PTZ (32±26%) & KNA (44±17%) groups, but negative in PB group (-61±18%), p<0.05. The level of expression of NMDA receptor was up-regulated in PTZ group (27±01μmol) compared with control (22.8±02μmol) and was down-regulated in KNA & PB groups (17±03μmol and 23±01μmol) respectively.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, kaurenoic acid increased seizure threshold better or as much as phenobarbital, KNA improves cognitive function which was compromised by PB, demonstrated neuro-protective potential on the hippocampus against PTZ-induced seizure and attenuated NMDA receptor expression level. This research suggests that NMDARs antagonists such as KNA could be more helpful in place of first-line therapies such as phenobarbital with notable side effects.
Keywords: N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptors, epileptic-seizures, kaurenoic acid, hippocampus
CHLORPYRIFOS POISONING AND REMEDIAL EFFECTS OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IN WISTAR RATS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Leila Tchassa; Email: leilatschassa@gmail.com; University of Buea, Cameroon
Background:
Chlorpyrifos ethyl (CPE) is a widely used organophosphate pesticide, and poses a significant health risk due to its neurotoxic effects. In Cameroon, where agricultural practices heavily rely on pesticides and access to healthcare resources can be limited, CPE poisoning remains a pressing concern. This study investigated the potential of locally made activated charcoal (LAC) as an affordable, sustainable, and accessible treatment option for chlorpyrifos toxicity. Beyond its application as an antidote, LAC has potential for broader environmental decontamination, effectively adsorbing residual CPE in soil, water, and air, thereby reducing environmental toxicity. The study aimed to compare the efficacy of LAC with commercially available activated charcoal (CAC), determine the optimal timing for LAC administration, and evaluate its impact on biochemical and histopathological parameters in a rat model. This study also explored sustainable manufacturing practices, such as using agricultural waste (coconut husks) as precursor materials for LAC.
Methods:
Wistar rats were exposed to CPE and subsequently treated with either LAC or CAC at varying time points post-exposure. A positive control group received atropine, a standard treatment for organophosphate poisoning. Biochemical markers, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatinine, were measured to assess organ function. Behavioural tests (open field and elevated plus maze) and liver, kidneys, and brain histopathological examinations were also conducted. Test of activation was conducted in vitro using Iodine Lugol, LAC, CAC, distilled water, and non-activated charcoal.
Results:
LAC demonstrated comparable efficacy to CAC in reducing CPE-induced toxicity. Rats treated with LAC 30 minutes post-exposure exhibited significantly higher AChE levels (8.67 ± 0.13 IU/L, P < 0.0001) and lower ALT levels (28.51 ± 0.23 IU/L, P < 0.0001) compared to the CPE-only group, reduced neurotoxicity and liver damage. Creatinine levels were also significantly reduced in the LAC-treated groups (0.70 ± 0.01 mg/dL, P < 0.0001), suggesting improved renal function. Histopathological analysis revealed significantly less hepatic, renal, and neuronal damage in the LAC-treated groups, with the 30-minute post-exposure LAC treatment being the most effective. Test of activation of the various charcoals revealed LAC being effective in vitro in absorbing Iodine Lugol as compared to non-activated charcoals.
Conclusions:
Locally manufactured activated charcoal is as effective as commercially available activated charcoal in reducing CPE-induced toxicity when administered within 30 minutes post-exposure. LAC significantly reduces biochemical disturbances and histopathological damage in key organs, demonstrating its potential as a cost-effective alternative in resource-limited settings. This research underscores the dual benefits of LAC as both a public health intervention and an environmentally sustainable innovation, making it a viable tool in the fight against pesticide-related toxicities and climate change challenges; LAC aids in climate change mitigation by promoting carbon storage, reducing chemical soil decontaminations, and utilizing sustainable materials for its production (reduce waste). Further studies are warranted to explore the long-term effects and potential applications of LAC in managing other organophosphate poisonings.
Keywords: Chlorpyrifos poisoning, organophosphate poisoning, locally made activated charcoal, adsorption, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, Wistar rats.